maximizing detergency in mild dishwashing liquids with non-ionic surfactant technology
abstract
mild dishwashing liquids must balance effective grease removal with skin compatibility, requiring optimized surfactant blends. non-ionic surfactants—such as alkyl polyglucosides (apgs), ethoxylated alcohols (ae), and amine oxides—are key to achieving high detergency while maintaining mildness. this paper explores the role of non-ionic surfactants in modern formulations, their synergistic effects with anionic surfactants, and performance under varying water conditions. key parameters such as hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (hlb), critical micelle concentration (cmc), and foam stability are analyzed. experimental data from industry and academia, comparative tables, and formulation guidelines are provided to enhance product development.
1. introduction
dishwashing liquids must meet consumer demands for:
✔ high grease-cutting performance
✔ mildness on skin (low irritation potential)
✔ stable foam (user perception of efficacy)
✔ environmental compatibility (biodegradability)
non-ionic surfactants excel in these areas due to their low irritation, excellent emulsification, and tolerance to hard water.
1.1 advantages of non-ionic surfactants
- low skin irritation (no charged head groups)
- stable in hard water (no precipitation with ca²⁺/mg²⁺)
- synergistic with anionics (enhanced grease removal)
2. key non-ionic surfactants in dishwashing liquids
2.1 alkyl polyglucosides (apgs)
- source: renewable (glucose + fatty alcohols)
- hlb range: 10–14 (hydrophilic)
- benefits: mild, high foam, biodegradable
2.2 ethoxylated alcohols (aes, e.g., c12-14 eo-7)
- structure: r-(o-ch₂-ch₂)ₙ-oh
- hlb range: 12–15
- benefits: excellent grease removal, moderate foam
2.3 amine oxides (e.g., lauramine oxide)
- structure: r-n⁺(ch₃)₂-o⁻
- role: foam booster, viscosity modifier
2.4 performance comparison
| surfactant | cmc (mmol/l) | foam stability | grease removal | mildness |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| apg (c8-10) | 0.1–0.5 | high | moderate | excellent |
| ae (c12-14 eo-7) | 0.01–0.05 | moderate | high | good |
| lauramine oxide | 0.1–0.3 | very high | low | excellent |
data from karsa (2020) and myers (2021)
3. optimizing surfactant blends for maximum detergency
3.1 synergistic blends
- apg + sles (sodium lauryl ether sulfate): improves mildness & foam.
- ae + capb (cocamidopropyl betaine): enhances grease removal.
3.2 hlb balancing for grease removal
optimal hlb for dishwashing: 13–15
| hlb value | performance |
|---|---|
| <12 | poor emulsification |
| 12–14 | balanced (grease & mildness) |
| >15 | over-hydrophilic, weak on oils |
3.3 effect of water hardness
non-ionics outperform anionics in hard water:
| surfactant | detergency loss in hard water (300 ppm caco₃) |
|---|---|
| sles (anionic) | ~40% reduction |
| apg (non-ionic) | <10% reduction |
| ae (non-ionic) | ~15% reduction |
source: rhein et al. (2019)
4. formulation strategies
4.1 classic mild dishwashing liquid formula
| ingredient | function | % range |
|---|---|---|
| sles (2eo) | primary surfactant | 10–20% |
| apg (c8-10) | mildness booster | 3–8% |
| lauramine oxide | foam stabilizer | 1–3% |
| capb | viscosity modifier | 2–5% |
| glycerin | skin protectant | 0.5–2% |
4.2 performance testing results
| formulation | grease removal (%) | foam volume (ml) | irritation score (0–5) |
|---|---|---|---|
| sles only | 75 | 150 | 3.5 |
| sles + apg | 85 | 180 | 2.0 |
| sles + ae + amine oxide | 92 | 200 | 2.5 |
based on industry studies (, 2022)
5. emerging trends & innovations
5.1 sugar-based surfactants (e.g., sophorolipids)
- biodegradable, ultra-mild
- challenge: higher cost
5.2 encapsulated surfactants
- controlled release for prolonged action
- example: silicone-microencapsulated apg
5.3 low-temperature performance enhancers
- ethoxylated glycerides improve cold-water efficacy
6. conclusion & recommendations
non-ionic surfactants are essential for high-performance, mild dishwashing liquids. key takeaways:
✔ apgs provide the best balance of mildness & foam.
✔ aes maximize grease removal in hard water.
✔ amine oxides boost foam without irritation.
future directions:
- bio-derived surfactants (e.g., rhamnolipids)
- smart surfactants with ph/temperature responsiveness
references
- karsa, d. (2020). surfactants in household products. springer.
- myers, d. (2021). surfactant science and technology. wiley.
- rhein, l., et al. (2019). hard water effects on surfactant performance. journal of surfactants and detergents, 22(3), 456–470.
- corporation. (2022). advanced surfactant blends for dish care.
- european journal of lipid science. (2021). next-gen non-ionic surfactants.